367 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
367 lines
11 KiB
Markdown
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# 基本工作流创建
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## 📚 学习资源
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- **图文教程**：[n8n工作流创建完整指南](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oIcmTW0Gg2r63C0Tn91r2Q)
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- **视频教程**：[从零开始的n8n实战](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1nejbz6Eip)
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- **官方文档**：[n8n Workflow Examples](https://docs.n8n.io/workflows/)
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通过本章节，您将学会如何从零开始设计和构建实用的n8n工作流。
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## 🎯 工作流设计原则
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### SOLID原则在工作流中的应用
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| 原则 | 工作流应用 | 实践建议 |
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|------|------------|----------|
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| **单一职责** | 每个工作流专注一个业务目标 | 避免在一个工作流中处理多个不相关的任务 |
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| **开放封闭** | 易于扩展，难以修改核心逻辑 | 使用子工作流和模板化设计 |
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| **里氏替换** | 相似节点可以互相替换 | 标准化节点接口和数据格式 |
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| **接口隔离** | 最小化节点间依赖 | 只传递必要的数据字段 |
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| **依赖倒置** | 依赖抽象而非具体实现 | 使用凭证管理而非硬编码 |
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### 工作流生命周期
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**需求分析** → **流程设计** → **节点配置** → **测试调试** → **部署运行** → **监控维护** → **优化迭代** → 回到流程设计
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## 📝 第一个工作流：每日天气邮件
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让我们从一个简单但实用的例子开始学习。
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### 需求分析
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**目标**: 每天早上8点自动获取天气信息并发送邮件提醒
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**数据源**: OpenWeatherMap API
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**输出**: HTML格式的天气邮件
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**频率**: 每日执行
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### 工作流设计
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**Schedule Trigger（每天8:00）** → **HTTP Request（获取天气API）** → **Set Node（处理天气数据）** → **Code Node（生成邮件HTML）** → **Email Send（发送天气邮件）**
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### 详细配置步骤
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=== "1. 定时触发器配置"
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```yaml
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节点类型: Schedule Trigger
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触发规则: Cron
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Cron表达式: 0 8 * * *
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时区: Asia/Shanghai
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```
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=== "2. 天气API请求"
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```javascript
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// HTTP Request 节点配置
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{
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"method": "GET",
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"url": "https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather",
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"qs": {
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"q": "Beijing,CN",
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"appid": "{{$credentials.openweather.api_key}}",
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"units": "metric",
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"lang": "zh_cn"
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}
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}
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```
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=== "3. 数据处理"
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```javascript
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// Set 节点 - 提取有用信息
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{
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"city": "={{$json.name}}",
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"temperature": "={{Math.round($json.main.temp)}}",
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"feels_like": "={{Math.round($json.main.feels_like)}}",
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"humidity": "={{$json.main.humidity}}",
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"description": "={{$json.weather[0].description}}",
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"icon": "={{$json.weather[0].icon}}",
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"wind_speed": "={{$json.wind.speed}}",
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"current_time": "={{new Date().toLocaleString('zh-CN', {timeZone: 'Asia/Shanghai'})}}"
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}
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```
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=== "4. HTML邮件生成"
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```javascript
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// Code 节点 - 生成邮件HTML
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const weatherData = $input.first().json;
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const htmlContent = `
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<head>
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<meta charset="UTF-8">
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<style>
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.weather-card {
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font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;
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max-width: 600px;
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margin: 0 auto;
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background: linear-gradient(135deg, #74b9ff, #0984e3);
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color: white;
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padding: 30px;
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border-radius: 15px;
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text-align: center;
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}
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.temperature {
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font-size: 48px;
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font-weight: bold;
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margin: 20px 0;
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}
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.details {
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display: flex;
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justify-content: space-around;
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margin-top: 30px;
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}
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.detail-item {
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text-align: center;
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}
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.detail-value {
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font-size: 24px;
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font-weight: bold;
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}
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.detail-label {
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font-size: 14px;
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opacity: 0.8;
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}
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="weather-card">
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<h2>🌤️ ${weatherData.city} 今日天气</h2>
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<div class="temperature">${weatherData.temperature}°C</div>
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<p>${weatherData.description}</p>
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<p>体感温度：${weatherData.feels_like}°C</p>
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<div class="details">
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<div class="detail-item">
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<div class="detail-value">💧${weatherData.humidity}%</div>
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<div class="detail-label">湿度</div>
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</div>
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<div class="detail-item">
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<div class="detail-value">🌬️${weatherData.wind_speed}m/s</div>
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<div class="detail-label">风速</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<hr style="margin: 30px 0; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.3);">
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<p style="font-size: 12px; opacity: 0.8;">
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更新时间：${weatherData.current_time}<br>
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由 n8n 自动发送 ❤️
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</p>
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</div>
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</body>
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</html>`;
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return [{
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json: {
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html_content: htmlContent,
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subject: `${weatherData.city} ${weatherData.temperature}°C - ${weatherData.description}`,
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weather_summary: `今日${weatherData.city}气温${weatherData.temperature}°C，${weatherData.description}`
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}
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}];
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```
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=== "5. 邮件发送"
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```yaml
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节点类型: Email Send
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收件人: your-email@example.com
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主题: "={{$json.subject}}"
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邮件类型: HTML
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邮件内容: "={{$json.html_content}}"
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```
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## 🔄 进阶工作流：客户反馈处理系统
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现在我们来构建一个更复杂的业务工作流。
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### 业务场景
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**目标**: 自动化处理客户反馈表单提交
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**触发**: 网站表单Webhook
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**处理**: 分类、存储、分配、通知
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**输出**: 多渠道通知和工单创建
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### 工作流架构
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**Webhook接收** → **判断反馈类型**：
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- **投诉** → 高优先级处理 → 发送紧急通知 + 创建高优先级工单 → 发送客户确认
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- **建议** → 普通优先级处理 → 存储到数据库 + 分配给客服 → 发送客户确认
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- **咨询** → 自动回复处理 → AI自动回复 + 发送确认邮件 → 发送客户确认
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### 核心节点配置
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=== "Webhook接收"
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```javascript
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// Webhook 节点配置
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{
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"httpMethod": "POST",
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"path": "customer-feedback",
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"authentication": "headerAuth",
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"options": {
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"rawBody": false
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}
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}
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```
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=== "反馈分类逻辑"
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```javascript
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// Switch 节点 - 根据反馈类型分发
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const feedbackType = $json.body.feedback_type || 'unknown';
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const urgentKeywords = ['投诉', '不满', '退款', '问题', '错误'];
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const content = $json.body.message || '';
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// 检查是否包含紧急关键词
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const isUrgent = urgentKeywords.some(keyword =>
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content.includes(keyword)
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);
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if (feedbackType === 'complaint' || isUrgent) {
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return [0]; // 投诉流程
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} else if (feedbackType === 'suggestion') {
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return [1]; // 建议流程
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} else {
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return [2]; // 咨询流程
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}
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```
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=== "数据库存储"
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```sql
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-- PostgreSQL 插入语句
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INSERT INTO customer_feedback (
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customer_name,
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customer_email,
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feedback_type,
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message,
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priority,
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status,
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created_at,
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assigned_to
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) VALUES (
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'{{$json.body.name}}',
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'{{$json.body.email}}',
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'{{$json.body.feedback_type}}',
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'{{$json.body.message}}',
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'{{$json.priority || "normal"}}',
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'new',
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NOW(),
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'{{$json.assigned_agent || null}}'
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);
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```
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=== "AI自动回复"
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```javascript
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// AI Agent 节点配置
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{
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"model": "gpt-3.5-turbo",
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"prompt": `你是一个专业的客服助手。客户发来了以下咨询：
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客户姓名：{{$json.body.name}}
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咨询内容：{{$json.body.message}}
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请生成一个专业、友好的自动回复邮件，内容应该：
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1. 感谢客户的咨询
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2. 确认已收到并会尽快处理
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3. 提供预计回复时间
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4. 如果是常见问题，提供初步解答
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5. 保持礼貌和专业的语调
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请以中文回复，格式为邮件正文。`,
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"temperature": 0.7,
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"max_tokens": 500
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}
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```
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## 🔧 工作流最佳实践
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### 错误处理和重试机制
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**主流程** → **判断执行成功？**：
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- **是** → 正常完成
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- **否** → Error Trigger → **判断重试次数 < 3？**：
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- **是** → 等待延迟 → 重新执行 → 回到主流程
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- **否** → 发送失败通知 → 记录错误日志
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### 性能优化建议
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!!! tip "性能优化技巧"
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**1. 批量处理**
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```javascript
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// 避免在循环中频繁API调用
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// 好的做法：批量收集数据，一次性处理
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const batchData = [];
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for (const item of $input.all()) {
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batchData.push(item.json);
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}
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// 批量API调用
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const result = await callBatchAPI(batchData);
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```
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**2. 缓存机制**
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```javascript
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// 使用Set节点缓存常用数据
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const cacheKey = `cache_${$json.query_key}`;
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const cachedData = $workflow.cache[cacheKey];
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if (cachedData && cachedData.timestamp > Date.now() - 3600000) {
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return cachedData.data; // 使用1小时内的缓存
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}
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```
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**3. 并行执行**：数据输入 → 拆分数据 → 并行处理1/2/3 → 合并结果
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### 测试和调试策略
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**1. 单元测试**
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- 单独测试每个节点
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- 使用测试数据验证逻辑
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- 检查数据转换正确性
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**2. 集成测试**
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- 端到端流程测试
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- 异常情况模拟
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- 性能压力测试
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**3. 调试技巧**
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```javascript
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// 在Code节点中添加调试信息
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console.log('调试信息:', {
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input_data: $input.all(),
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processed_count: processedItems.length,
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timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
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});
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|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
// 使用Set节点添加调试字段
|
|||
|
|
{
|
|||
|
|
"debug_info": {
|
|||
|
|
"node_name": "数据处理节点",
|
|||
|
|
"execution_time": "={{Date.now()}}",
|
|||
|
|
"input_size": "={{$input.all().length}}"
|
|||
|
|
},
|
|||
|
|
"original_data": "={{$json}}"
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
```
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
## 📚 工作流模板库
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### 常用业务模板
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
| 模板类型 | 适用场景 | 核心节点 |
|
|||
|
|
|---------|---------|----------|
|
|||
|
|
| **数据同步** | CRM、ERP系统集成 | Schedule + HTTP + Database |
|
|||
|
|
| **内容管理** | 社交媒体自动发布 | RSS + AI + Social Media APIs |
|
|||
|
|
| **监控告警** | 系统监控、业务监控 | HTTP + IF + Email/Slack |
|
|||
|
|
| **报告生成** | 定期业务报告 | Database + AI + Email |
|
|||
|
|
| **客户服务** | 工单管理、自动回复 | Webhook + AI + Database |
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
### 学习资源
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
- **图文教程**: [n8n工作流创建完整指南](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/oIcmTW0Gg2r63C0Tn91r2Q)
|
|||
|
|
- **视频教程**: [从零开始的n8n实战](https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1nejbz6Eip)
|
|||
|
|
- **官方文档**: [n8n Workflow Examples](https://docs.n8n.io/workflows/)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
---
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
掌握了基本工作流创建后，您就可以开始构建更复杂的自动化解决方案了！
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
[上一章：常用节点](common-nodes/){ .md-button } [下一章：避坑指南](pitfalls/){ .md-button .md-button--primary }
|